What can prolonged hyperglycemia lead to in the body?

Prolonged hyperglycemia, or elevated blood glucose levels, can have serious consequences for various body systems. One of the most significant outcomes of this condition is damage to blood vessels and nerves over time. This damage is primarily due to the effects of excess glucose in the bloodstream, which can lead to a range of complications known as diabetic complications.

In individuals with prolonged hyperglycemia, the high levels of glucose can cause the formation of harmful substances called advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which can stiffen blood vessels and lead to atherosclerosis. This process affects circulation and can contribute to issues such as hypertension and increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Additionally, the nervous system can be adversely affected. Neuropathy, or nerve damage, can occur when blood vessels supplying nerves become damaged or when the nerves themselves are directly exposed to high levels of glucose. This can lead to symptoms such as pain, tingling, and numbness, particularly in the extremities.

By understanding this relationship between prolonged hyperglycemia and the resultant damage to blood vessels and nerves, it becomes clear why maintaining blood glucose levels within a normal range is crucial for preventing long-term complications associated with diabetes.