What are ketones, and why are they significant in diabetic emergencies?

Ketones are substances that the body produces when it breaks down fat for energy instead of carbohydrates. This process typically occurs during states of low carbohydrate availability, such as prolonged fasting, vigorous exercise, or uncontrolled diabetes. In diabetic emergencies, particularly in conditions like diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), the body experiences a significant lack of insulin, which impairs glucose utilization. As a result, the body switches to fat metabolism, leading to the production of ketones.

The significance of ketones in diabetic emergencies is mainly due to their acidic nature. Elevated levels of ketones in the blood can cause a drop in blood pH, leading to acidosis. Symptoms of DKA and other ketone-related complications can manifest as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, rapid breathing, and altered consciousness. Prompt identification and management of elevated ketone levels are critical to preventing severe health issues in individuals with diabetes.